语法攻略详解

时间:2020-08-14 19:53:58 考研英语 我要投稿

语法攻略详解

  众所周知,语法知识是理解英语的基础。通过对历年试题的分析可以看出,单纯考查语法知识题的比重并不是很大,这是要体现《大纲》注重考查考生的英语交际能力,鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习的测试导向。但这并不意味着对考生语法掌握程度的要求降低了,因为只有对语法知识有较好的掌握,才能在实际的语言运用环境中,识别各种语法现象,对文章进行理解并做出正确的判断。下面就重点语法内容加以总结,供考生参考。希望能帮助大家。

  1主谓一致关系

  主谓一致(Subject?Verb Agreement)指谓语动词要与主语的中心词语在“人称”和“数”的方面保持一致。这是在解题过程中需要时刻注意的。解答这类问题的关键是要找准主语的中心词语。

  Example 1

  The novels of John Cheever to a literary tradition that is concerned primarily with manners.

  [A] belongs [B]belong [C]is belonged [D]are belonged

  belong是不及物动词,不能用于被动语态,首先排除C和D。本句的中心主语是the novels(复数),所以此题的正确选项是B。

  2虚拟语气

  在英语中,由于说话人的意图不同,动词的表现形式也随之不同,这就需要用不同的“语气”来表达。英语中有三种语气:

  (1)陈述语气(the Indicative Mood)用来陈述事实。如:

  The teacher is very popular with his students.

  (2)祈使语气(the Imperative Mood)提出请求、命令等。如:

  Please open the door.

  (3)虚拟语气(the Subjunctive Mood)表达主观愿望和假设的情况。如:

  If I were you, I would throw it away.

  所谓虚拟,简单地说,就是真实情况并非如此。由于虚拟语气历来是英语学习中的一个难点,尤其是它还有一些特殊形式和用法,所以也可能成为考点。

  Example 2

  Had they examined the question over a much longer period, 1 over the whole life cycle, they 2 reached a different conclusion.

  1. *[A] particularly [B] exclusively [C] preferably [D] precisely

  2. [A] must have [B] will have [C] may have [D] would have

  首先根据“Had they examined the question...”得出这是一个省略if的虚拟条件句。在表示过去情况的虚拟条件句中,从句中的谓语用had+过去分词,主句中的谓语用would have + 过去分词。所以,第2题应该选择D。

  3非限定性动词

  非限定性动词是动词的非谓语形式,主要指不定式(the Infinitive)、分词(the Participle)和动名词(the Gerund)。非限定性动词的使用功能多样,且容易混淆,所以它们历来是各种英语考试中的重点。

  Example 3

  We did make our comforts and discomforts 1 , but basically others 2 our experiences to us. We were virtually helpless and 3 the mercy of others, usually our parents.

  As we grew older, increased intellectual development resulted in increased behavioral options’ 4 available to us.

  1? [A]knowing [B]known [C]know [D]to know

  2? [A]distributed *[B]dictated [C]allocated [D]ordered

  3? [A]with [B]in *[C]at [D]on

  4? [A]became [B]become [C]becoming [D]to become

  第1题中make在作为表示“致使”意义的动词时,其后的动词及其逻辑主语是被动关系,所以跟在其后的动词要用过去分词形式,如He was trying to make himself understood.所以此题应选B。

  第4题考查动名词的`用法。根据上文,resulted in后面应是一个名词、名词词组或相当于名词的成分。只有选项C能构成一个前面带有名词词组所有格的动名词结构,这里的increased behavioral options是become在逻辑上的主语。所以此题应选C。

  Example 4

  There was a big drop during the sunspot years of 1986 and 1987, and the number of people

  1 from diseases caused by a lymphocyte deficiency 2 doubled during the tremendous solar explosion of February 1986.

  1?[A]suffered [B]suffer [C]suffering [D]to suffer

  第1题考查了现在分词做定语的知识。在and连接的后一并列从句中, 1 from diseases caused by a lymphocyte deficiency 2 这个成分是修饰限定主语the number of people,起定语作用的。在四个选项中虽然选项A、C、D都有做定语的功能,然而从上下文的语意以及三个选项各自表示的时态、语态功能来判断,the number of people是suffer的逻辑主语,是动作suffer的发动者,所以此题选C项suffering最合适。

  Example 5

  Experts speculate that hardships might prompt some Russian scientists their know-how on the black market.

  [A]to sell [B]to selling [C]sell [D]sold to

  此题应选A。prompt后接不定式构成prompt to do sth.。

  4定语从句

  定语从句有限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句之分。限制性定语从句与其先行词有着不可分割的关系,如果缺少了从句,先行词便不能明确地表示所指对象。例如:

  This is the car (that) I bought last year.

  而非限制性定语从句和它的先行词之间的关系就比较松散,它并不是先行词不可缺少的组成部分,而仅仅是对先行词的一种补充说明。例如:

  I?m seeing the manager tomorrow, when he will be back from New York.

  从对历年的研究生英语试题的分析来看,在英语知识运用题中主要以选择适当的关系代词或关系副词的形式来考查这部分知识。

  Example 6

  When the work is well done, a 1 of accident-free operations is established 2 time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. (1999年第44题)

  1?[A]regulation *[B]climate [C]circumstance [D]requirement

  2?[A]where [B]how [C]what [D]unless

  第2题的正确选项是A。where在这里引导一个定语从句“where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum”,先行词是climate。在这里where相当于in which,即in the climate。本句意思是:安全规划实施得好,一种无事故操作的工作环境就会建立起来,这样因工伤造成的时间损失将降至最低限度。而how(如何,怎样,怎么)和unless(除非)在语法上可行,但意义上不通。what(什么)无论从语法还是意义上都讲不通。

  5句子的平衡(并列连词及词组)

  英语中经常用并列连词和词组来保持句子的平衡,常见的有:and, but, or, as well as, not only...but also..., neither...nor..., either...or...等。解答这类题时还要注意毗邻原则,即谓语应与其相邻的名词或代词保持一致。

  Example 7

  Concerns were raised 1 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 2 guilty verdicts. (2001年第49题)

  1?[A]what [B]when [C]which [D]that

  2?[A]assure [B]confide *[C]ensure [D]guarantee

  第1题选D。该题考查同位语从句和句子平衡的知识。that引导的同位语从句做concerns的同位语,对它进行进一步的解释。that引导的同位语从句本来应该直接跟在concerns的后面,但因为句子太长,会显得句子头重脚轻,从而使句子失去平衡,所以放在了后面。

  6代词的用法

  代词在英语中的使用很广泛,并且形式多样,考查代词也成为检测考生英语语言水平的一个重要考点。在近年的研究生英语考试中,代词部分主要考查不定代词和关系代词的用法。

  Example 8

  A variety of activities should be organized 1 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 2 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 3 . (2003年第36题)

  1?[A]if only [B]now that *[C]so that [D]even if

  2?[A]everything [B]anything [C]nothing [D]something

  3?[A]off *[B]down [C]out [D]alone

  第2题考查考生对不定代词的用法和区分能力。A项everything不能与else连用。B项anything 与else构成词组表示“别的什么”,但其中有“别的以外任何事情”的含义。从上下文的语意来看,此处用anything不妥。C项nothing 一般用在nothing else than(只不过,仅有)中。D项something 与 else 构成词组表示“别的事情”,用在肯定句中,从语法和前后语意关系上来看,D项是正确选项。

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