托福英语阅读真题
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第一篇：
Questions 10-19
No two comets ever look identical, but they have basic features in common, one of the
most obvious of which is a coma. A coma looks like a misty, patch of light with one or more
tails often streaming from it in the direction away from the Sun.
Line At the heart of a comet's coma lies a nucleus of solid material, typically no more than
(5) 10 kilometers across. The visible coma is a huge cloud of gas and dust that has escaped
from the nucleus, which it then surrounds like an extended atmosphere. The coma can extend as far as a million kilometers outward from the nucleus. Around the coma there is often an even larger invisible envelope of hydrogen gas.
The most graphic proof that the grand spectacle of a comet develops from a relatively
(10) small and inconspicuous chunk of ice and dust was the close-up image obtained in 1986 by the European Giotto probe of the nucleus of Halley's Comet. It turned out to be a bit like a
very dark asteroid, measuring 16 by 8 kilometers. Ices have evaporated from its outer layers
to leave a crust of nearly black dust all over the surface. Bright jets of gas from evaporating
ice burst out on the side facing the Sun, where the surface gets heated up, carrying dust
(15) with them. This is how the coma and the tails are created.
Comets grow tails only when they get warm enough for ice and dust to boil off. As a
comet's orbit brings it closer to the Sun, first the coma grows, then two distinct tails usually
form. One, the less common kind, contains electrically charged (i.e., ionized) atoms of gas,
which are blown off directly in the direction away from the Sun by the magnetic field of
(20) the solar wind. The other tail is made of neutral dust particles, which get gently pushed back by the pressure of the sunlight itself. Unlike the ion tail, which is straight, the dust tail
becomes curved as the particles follow their own orbits around the Sun.
I0. The passage focuses on comets primarily in terms of their
(A) orbital patterns
(B) coma and tails
(C) brightness
(D) size
11. The word "identical" in line I is closest in meaning to
(A) equally fast
(B) exactly alike
(C) near each other
(D) invisible
-
12. The word "heart" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) center
(B) edge
(C) tail
(D) beginning
13. Why does the author mention the Giotto probe in paragraph 3?
(A) It had a relatively small and inconspicuous nucleus.
(B) It was very similar to an asteroid.
(C) It was covered with an unusual black dust.
(D) It provided visual evidence of the makeup of a comet's nucleus.
14. It can be inferred from the passage that the nucleus of a comet is made up of
(A) dust and gas
(B) ice and dust
(C) hydrogen gas
(D) electrically charged atoms
15. The word "graphic" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) mathematical
(B) popular
(C) unusual
(D) vivid
16. Which of the following occurred as the ices from Halley's Comet evaporated?
(A) Black dust was left on the comet's surface.
(B) The nucleus of the comet expanded.
(C) The tail of the comet straightened out.
(D) Jets of gas caused the comet to increase its speed.
17. All of the following statements about the tails of comets are true EXCEPT:
(A) They can contain electrically charged or neutral particles.
(B) They can be formed only when there is sufficient heat.
(C) They are formed before the coma expands.
(D) They always point in the direction away from the Sun.
18. The word "distinct" in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) visible
(B) gaseous
(C) separate
(D) new
19. Compared to the tail of electrically charged atoms, the tail of neutral dust particles is
relatively
(A) long
(B) curved
(C) unpredictable
(D) bright
第二篇：
Questions 20-29
Many prehistoric people subsisted as hunters and gatherers. Undoubtedly, game
animals, including some very large species, provided major components of human diets.
An important controversy centering on the question of human effects on prehistoric wildlife
Line concerns the sudden disappearance of so many species of large animals at or near the end
(5) of the Pleistocene epoch. Most paleontologists suspect that abrupt changes in climate led to the mass extinctions. Others, however, have concluded that prehistoric people drove
many of those species to extinction through overhunting. In their "Pleistocene overkill
prehistoric peoples in North and South America and the time during which mammoths,
(10) giant ground sloths, the giant bison, and numerous other large mammals became extinct.
Perhaps the human species was driving others to extinction long before the dawn of history.
Hunter-gatherers may have contributed to Pleistocene extinctions in more indirect
ways. Besides overhunting, at least three other kinds of effects have been suggested:
direct competition, imbalances between competing species of game animals, and early
(15) agricultural practices. Direct competition may have brought about the demise of large
carnivores such as the saber-toothed cats. These animals simply may have been unable
to compete with the increasingly sophisticated hunting skills of Pleistocene people.
Human hunters could have caused imbalances among game animals, leading to the
extinctions of species less able to compete. When other predators such as the gray wolf
(20) prey upon large mammals, they generally take high proportions of each year s crop of
young. Some human hunters, in contrast, tend to take the various age-groups of large animals in proportion to their actual occurrence. If such hunters first competed with the larger predators and then replaced them. they may have allowed more young to survive each year, gradually increasing the populations of favored species As these populations expanded,
(25) they in turn may have competed with other game species for the same environmental niche, forcing the less hunted species into extinction. This theory, suggests that human hunters played an indirect role in Pleistocene extinctions by hunting one species more than another.
20. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The effects of human activities on prehistoric wildlife
(B) The origins of the hunter-gatherer way of life
(C) The diets of large animals of the Pleistocene epoch
(D) The change in climate at the end of the Pleistocene epoch
21. The word "Undoubtedly" in line I is closest in meaning to
(A) occasionally
(B) unexpectedly
(C) previously
(D) certainly
22. The word "components" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) parts
(B) problems
(C) changes
(D) varieties
23. Which of the following is mentioned as supporting the Pleistocene overkill hypothesis?
(A) Many of the animals that became extinct were quite large.
(B) Humans migrated into certain regions around the time that major
extinctions occurred.
(C) There is evidence that new species were arriving in areas inhabited by humans.
(D) Humans began to keep and care for certain animals.
24. The word "Besides" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) caused by
(B) whereas
(C) in addition to
(D) in favor of
25. The author mentions saber-toothed cats in line 16 as an example of a carnivore that
(A) became extinct before the Pleistocene epoch
(B) was unusually large for its time
(C) was not able to compete with humans
(D) caused the extinction of several species
26. The word "they" in line 20 refers to
(A) human hunters
(B) game animals
(C) other predators
(D) large mammals
27. According to the passage, what is one difference between the hunting done by
some humans and the hunting done by gray wolves?
(A) Some humans hunt more frequently than gray wolves.
(B) Gray wolves hunt in larger groups than some humans.
(C) Some humans can hunt larger animals than gray wolves can hunt.
(D) Some humans prey on animals of all ages, but gray wolves concentrate
their efforts on young animals.
28. The word "favored" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) large
(B) escaping
(C) preferred
(D) local
29. According to the passage, the imbalances discussed in paragraph 3 may have resulted from
(A) the effect of climate changes on large game animals
(B) large animals moving into a new environment
(C) humans hunting some species more than others
(D) older animals not being able to compete with younger animals
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