高考英语阅读如何解题

时间:2020-09-30 14:57:58 英语阅读 我要投稿

高考英语阅读如何解题

  导语:我们可将阅读理解归纳为以下四大题型,根据阅读理解题考查角度的不同,可采用不同的解题技巧来应付。一起来学习吧!

高考英语阅读如何解题

  1、事实细节题

  属于细节类型的阅读理解题一般只针对某个特定的细节,题型可以多种多样。此类题型一般分两种。

  第一种是直接理解题,在原文中可以直接找到答案。第二种是词义转换题,正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的转换。

  做此类试题一定要抓住事件发生的时间、地点、人物、发展过程和结局等环节,所选答案一定要符合原文,切不可望文生义。这类题型的主要提问方式常为:

  ①Which of the following is true/NOT true in the passage?

  ②Which of the following statements is NOT discussed/mentioned in the passage?

  ③Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?

  ④All the following statements are NOT true except.

  细节题的破解一般采用寻读法,即先看试题,再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位,再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比,有根有据地排除干扰项,选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性,提高了做题的准确率,节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。

  做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。英语中有许多功能词,如:表因果关系的because, since, as等;表转折关系的but, however ,on the contrary, on the other hand等等。

  2、猜测词义题

  在高考阅读题中,考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个:一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导;二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍,从而出现理解偏差或理解困难,影响阅读的速度。

  其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念,要学会"顺藤摸瓜",通过构词,语法,定义,同位,对比,因果,常识,上下文等线索确定词义。在阅读解题时要注意从以下七个方面着手:

  (1)根据定义或解释、说明猜测生词的词义

  在be,be called,call等判断词出现的判断句中,或定语从句及标点符号,可以根据已知部分,猜测生词的含义。例如: The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.通过理解定语从句的意思,能猜出herdsman是“牧人”。

  (2)根据对比关系猜测生词的词义

  在but,however,yet,otherwise,though这些表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中,其前后的词有明显对比关系,根据已知的内容,通过这种对比关系,就很容易猜出生词的词义了。例如: Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 和clean意思相对的便是“肮脏的”了,因此可猜出句中grubby的意思是“肮脏的”。

  (3)通过因果关系猜测词义

  because, since与as是连接原因状语从句的从属连词,so是连接表示结果的状语从句的连词,so...that与such...that中的that是连接结果状语从句的.。当这些信息词出现在有生词的句子中,通过因果关系,依据已知部分就能猜出生词的词义。例如:She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 根据because从句所讲的意思,我们就可推测trim就是“修剪”之意。

  (4)根据生活常识猜测词义

  运用逻辑推理能力,自身的生活经验及生活常识。再联系上下文能读懂的部分,可以正确猜出词义。例如:Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold. 根据句子意思及生活经验,wither表示“枯萎”。

  (5)根据同等关系猜测词义

  同等关系,指的是一个词,一组词或短语在句中作同一成分,而且它们的词义都属于同一范畴。明显的标志是,这样的词组或短语中间常常用并列连词and或or来连接。例如: At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy. 从“年龄42岁”以及与prime具有同等关系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年时期”。

  (6)根据列举的事例猜测词义

  You can take any of the periodicals: “The World of English”. “Foreign Language Teaching in Schools”, or “English Learning”. 从后面列举的例子中,可以猜出periodical是“期刊,杂志”的意思。

  (7)根据构词法知识猜测词义

  根据学过的构词法知识,知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义,就可猜出由它们组成的新词词义。例如在2006年福建的高考题文章中有这样一句:

  The schools are reluctant to take off — even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.

  A.kind  B.unwilling  C. free  D.careless

  【解题思路】通过破折号可知正确答案为B.

  3、推理判断题

  做这类题要求考生在阅读理解整体语篇的同时,又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断,力求从作者的角度去考虑,不要固守自己的看法或观点。不要主观臆断,凭空想象,任意发挥,而走入误区。

  学生要学会运用主题句去推测、揣摩文字背后作者的意图,运用归纳、对比、演绎技能,运用背景知识去挖掘文章深层含义,从而正确理解作者的言外之意,同时认真体会文章的语气与感情基调(如:否定、厌恶、反问、讽刺等)。这类试题常以如下句式发问:

  ①What can you conclude/ imply from this passage?

  ②What’s the author’s attitude(态度)towards...?

  ③We can infer /learn from the passage that...

  如: Once there was something wrong with a machine in a factory. The workers could do nothing but turn to a German engineer for help, who drew a line on it and said, “Take off the part where the line is and change it for a new one. ”The machine, with a new line on, began running well again. The engineer then asked for $ 30,000 for what he had done. The following were what he wrote on a bill, “The new part only costs one dollar, and knowing where the problem with the machine is costs $ 29,999.”

  Q: What can you conclude from this passage?

  A. the engineer asked for too much money

  B. the workers should pay the money

  C. the knowledge is worth money

  D. the new part could cost more

  这篇短文是作者讲的一个故事,那么通过这个故事我们可以判断出什么呢?虽然作者没有言明,但是我们可以断定,发现问题的所在需要智慧和知识,知识是创造价值的源泉,因此此题的正确答案应为C。

  4、主旨大意题

  这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体,并真正理解主题和中心;要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题,难度较大,属于高层次题。

  一般主旨大意题可以分为两类:

  (1)确定文章的标题和主题

  标题位于文章之首,用来高度概括文章内容,点明文章主题。它可以是单词,短语,也可以是句子。

  要确定文章标题,首先,要在阅读原文的基础上,考虑标题是否与主题密切相关;其次,看标题是否能概括全文内容。不能只概括短文中的某些事实或细节;然后,要注意标题范围不应太大或太小;最后,标题应简练并能吸引读者。即:1、独特新颖  2、概括性强 3、短小精炼。

  常见的标题型题干:

  ①The best title/ headline for this passage might be________.

  ②The text (passage) could be entitled   ______.

  ③What is the best title for the passage?

  ④What’s the topic of the article?

  如:In the 1930s, a lot of people in the USA were out of work. Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts. He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “Lexico”.

  However, he was not completely satisfied with the game, so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “ Lexico” to “Alph” and then to “Criss Cross”. He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didn’t have any real commercial(商业性的)success.

  Q: The text is mainly about________.

  A. Lexico    B. Three men   C . A word game      D. Alfred Butts.

  【解题思路】答案A 和C以偏概全。因此此题的正确答案应为D。

  (2)主题句(topic sentence)及主旨大意(main idea)的概括

  一篇文章一般表达一个中心内容或主题。这个中心内容或主题通常用一个句子来概括。此句叫做主题句。

  一般来说,说明文和议论文都有主题句,而且多位于文章的开头,有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。但有时不能在文中直接找到主题句,要求读者把握每段的主题句,弄清段于段之间逻辑关系的基础上自己归纳总结。

  主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文的主要内容,具有高度的综合性和概括性。文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释,说明,论证或扩展。

  常见的主题句和主旨型题干:

  ①What is the topic sentence of the passage?

  ②This article/text/passage mainly tells that _____________.

  ③Which of the following gives a general idea of the passage?

  ④Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?

  如:Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.

  Q: What is the main idea of the passage?

  A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.

  B. Bingham is a diligent student.

  C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.

  D. A good lawyer needs good education.

  【解题思路】  此文没有主题句。全篇共四句,只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看,个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来,进行逻辑推理,才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情况,即作者想告诉我们的是:Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育,所以答案是 C。

  总之,阅读水平的提高不是一两天的阅读就可以见效的。想要提高阅读能力,一是要培养良好的阅读行为习惯;如:要用眼光看,不要用手指去点;要默读,不要小声读。

  二是要积累大量的词汇,把阅读中的高频难词熟记,每次阅读后要整理好生词,然后记住其意思。

  三是要广泛地做课后阅读,坚持每天读1-2篇文章。

  四是不要一遇到生词就查字典,要先猜其意义,等做完题目后再查字典,以免影响阅读速度。

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