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2017年考研英语阅读理解专项试题及答案
篇一：
Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in eighteenth-century England. McKendrick has explored the Wedgwood firm’s remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery; Plumb has written about the proliferation of provincial theater, musical festivals, and children’s toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: Who were the consumers? What were their motives? And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries?
An answer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general; for example, laboring people in eighteenth-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.
To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy, some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This, however, hardly seems a sufficient answer. Mckendrick favors a Veblem model of conspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status. The “middling sort” bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again, we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification? If so, consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism, but not necessarily of the frenzy for conshttps://p.9136.com/28petition.
Finally, what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxuries? McKendrick claims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it? What, for example, does the production of high-quality pottery and toys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textile mills? It is perfectly possible to have the psychology and reality of a consumer society without a heavy industrial sector.
That future exploration of these key questions is undoubtedly necessary should not, however, diminish the force of the conclusion of recent studies: the insatiable demand in eighteenth-century England for frivolous as well as useful goods and services foreshadows our own world.
1. In the first paragraph, the author mentions McKendrick and Plumb most probably in order to
[A] contrast their views on the subject of luxury consumerism in eighteenth-century England.
[B] indicate the inadequacy of historiographical approaches to eighteenth-century English history.
[C] give examples of historians who have helped to establish the fact of growing consumerism in eighteenth-century England.
[D] support the contention that key questions about eighteenth-century consumerism remain to be answered.
2. Which of the following items, if preserved from eighteenth-century England, would provide an example of the kind of documents mentioned in lines 3-4, paragraph 2?
[A] A written agreement between a supplier of raw materials and a supplier of luxury goods.
[B] A diary that mentions luxury goods and services purchased by its author.
[C] A theater ticket stamped with the date and name of a particular play.
[D] A payroll record from a company that produced luxury goods such as pottery.
3. According to the text, Thompson attributes to laboring people in eighteenth-century England which of the following attitudes toward capitalist consumerism?
[A] Enthusiasm.
[B] Curiosity.
[C] Ambivalence.
[D] Hostility.
4. In the third paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with
[A] contrasting two theses and offering a compromise.
[B] questioning two explanations and proposing a possible alternative to them.
[C] paraphrasing the work of two historians and questioning their assumptions.
[D] examining two theories and endorsing one over the other.
5. According to the text, eighteenth-century England and the contemporary world of the text readers are
[A] dissimilar in the extent to which luxury consumerism could be said to be widespread among the social classes.
[B] dissimilar in their definitions of luxury goods and services.
[C] dissimilar in the extent to which luxury goods could be said to be stimulant of industrial development.
[D] similar in their strong demand for a variety of goods and services.
[答案与考点解析]
1. 【答案】C
【考点解析】本题是一道例(举)证题型。根据题干中的“McKendrick and Plumb”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在首段的第二、三句。由于这两句话和首段第一句之间存在例(举)证的关系，故针对首段第一句进行认真理解。通过综合分析和归纳这三句话，可得出含有“examples”的选项C是正确答案。考生在解题时一定要善于识别题型，这一点的基础是要学会识别句子之间的关系。
2. 【答案】B
【考点解析】这是一道细节推导题。题干中的信息以将本题的答案信息来源确定在第二段的三、四行。即第二段第二句的主句，该句中的“only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers”暗示本题的答案是选项B。考生在解题时一定要学会识别原文和选项中同义词的替换。
3. 【答案】D
【考点解析】本题是一道细节推导题。通过题干中的“Thompson”一词可迅速将本题的正确选项确定在第二段的尾句。从第二段尾句的前半部分即分号前面的部分我们不难推导出本题正确选项是D。原文中的“opposition”一词十分重要。考生在解题时要善于从原文的表面归纳出深刻的思想。
4. 【答案】B
【考点解析】这是一道写作手法题型。旨在考察考生的语言基本功。本题考察考生对于段落写作结构的认识。本文第三段的第一、二句是对某一个问题的一种解释。本文第三段的第三、四、五句是对同一个问题的另一种解释，本文作者对这两种解释提出了质疑。本文第三段的第六、七句是作者本人针对前面两个解释所提出的另外一种解释。可见本题的正确选项是B。考生在解题时一定要重视文章或段落的写作结构。
5. 【答案】D
【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位与关键词理解题。通过题干中的“the contemporary world of the text readers”可将本题的答案信息迅速确定在尾段，因为尾段中的“our own world”等于“the contemporary world of the text readers”。尾段最后一行中的“foreshadows”(预示;是……的预兆)一词暗示本题的正确选项是D。考生在解题时一定要有审题定位能力，并且对于原文中的关键词要有入目三分的理解。
[参考译文]
直到最近，史学家们才发现在十八世纪的英国，对豪华奢侈商品和服务的需求出现增长的现象。麦克德瑞克研究了韦奇伍德公司在营销豪华陶制品方面的极大成功;而普拉姆也著文论述了地方剧院、音乐节目以及儿童玩具和书籍激增的情形。尽管这场消费者革命的事实几乎毋庸置疑，但仍有三个关键的问题尚待解决：消费者是些什么人?他们的动机是什么?以及这种对奢侈品的新需求的社会影响是什么?
关于第一问题的答案是很难获得的。尽管它可能从制造商和服务行业认为消费者想要什么而实际制造的商品和提供的服务中推知，但只有对实际消费者的相关私人资料的研究才能提供一种“谁想要什么”的精确状况。我们仍然需要知道这种消费市场到底有多大，以及消费者对奢侈商品的需求向下渗透到社会的什么层次。对最后一个问题而言，我们应当注意到，在过去，汤姆逊虽然正确恢复了劳动人民在十八世纪英国历史舞台上的地位，但整体而言可能夸大了他们对资本主义消费方式侵蚀的抵抗情绪。例如，十八世纪英国的劳动人民迅速从家酿的啤酒转而饮用由那些大规模、高度资本化的城市酿酒厂生产的标准化啤酒。
为了回答消费者为什么变得那么急于购物这一问题，一些史学家指出，这是因为制造商们可以在无需审查的报刊上刊登广告。然而，这似乎并不是个理由充分的答案。麦克德瑞克赞成维布伦模型，即由社会地位的竞争而引起的一种引人注目的消费。“中产阶级”购买优质商品和服务，是因为他们想追随由富人建立的消费时尚。我们可能再次怀疑这种解释是否充足。难道人们喜爱购物不是一种自我满足的形式吗?如果是这样，那么上述消费主义可以被看做是一种个人主义和物质主义新兴概念的产物，而不一定是疯狂进行引人注目的竞争的结果。
最后，这种消费者对奢侈品的需求所导致的后果又是什么呢?麦克德瑞克声称，这将极为有助于解释工业革命的到来。但事实果真如此吗?例如，高质量的陶制品和玩具与钢铁制造和纺织工厂的发展有什么关系呢?即使没有重工业的存在，消费社会在心理上和现实上都是完全可能存在的。
然而，对这些关键问题的进一步探究毫无疑问是需要的，而且不应当减弱近期研究所得结论的说服力：十八世纪英国对那些有用和琐碎商品及服务的不知足的需求预示了我们目前的这个世界的特征。
篇二：
The intensive work of materials scientists and solid-state physicists has given rise to a class of solids known as amorphous metallic alloys or glassy metals. There is a growing interest among theoretical and applied researchers alike in the structural properties of these materials.
When a molten metal or metallic alloy is cooled to a solid, a crystalline structure is formed that depends on the particular alloy composition. In contrast, molten nonmetallic glass-forming materials when cooled do not assume a crystalline structure, but instead retain a structure somewhat like that of the liquid — an amorphous structure. At room temperature the natural long-term tendency for both types of materials is to assume the crystalline structure. The difference between the two is in the kinetics or rate of formation of the crystalline structure which is controlled by factors such as the nature of the chemical bonding and the ease with which atoms move relative to each other. Thus, in metals, the kinetics favors rapid formation of a crystallines structure whereas in nonmetallic glasses the rate of formation is so slow that almost any cooling rate is sufficient to result in an amorphous structure. For glassy metals to be formed, the molten metal must be cooled extremely rapidly so that crystallization is suppressed.
The structure of glassy metals is thought to be similar to that of liquid metals. One of the first attempts to model the structure of a liquid was that by the late J. D. Bernal of the University of London, who packed hard spheres into a rubber vessel in such a way as to obtain the maximum possible density. The resulting dense, random-packed structure was the basis for many attempts to model the structure of glassy metals.
Calculations of the density of alloys based on Bernal-type models of the alloys metal component agree fairly well with the experimentally determined values from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a metalloid such as alloys of palladium and silicon or alloys consisting of iron phosphors, and carbon, although small discrepancies remained. One difference between real alloys and the hard spheres area in Bernal models is that the components of an alloy have different size, so that models based on two sizes of spheres are more appropriate for a binary alloy for example. The smaller metalloid atoms of the alloys might fit into holes in the dense random-packed structure of the larger metal atoms.
One of the most promising properties of glassy metals is their high strength combined with high malleability. In usual materials, one finds an inverse relation between the two properties, whereas for many practical applications simultaneous presence of both properties is desirable. One residual obstacle to practical applications that is likely to be overcome is the fact that glassy metals will crystallize at relatively low temperatures when heated slightly.
1. The author is primarily concerned with discussing
[A] crystalline solids and their behavior at different temperatures.
[B] molten materials and the kinetics of the formation of their crystalline structure.
[C] glassy metals and their structural characteristics.
[D] metallic alloys and problems in determining their density.
2. The author’s attitude toward the prospects for the economic utilization of glassy metals is one of
[A] disinterest.
[B] impatience.
[C] optimism.
[D] apprehension.
3. According to the text, which of the following determines the crystalline structure of a metallic alloy?
[A] At what rate the molten alloy is cooled.
[B] How rapid the rate of formation of the crystalline phase is.
[C] How the different-sized atoms fit into a dense random-packed structure.
[D] What the alloy consists of and in what ratios.
4. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the structure of liquid metals and the structure of glassy metals, as it is presented in the text?
[A] The latter is an illustrative example of the former.
[B] The latter is a large-scale version of the former.
[C] The former is a structural elaboration of the latter.
[D] The former is a fair approximation of the latter.
5. It can be inferred from the text that, theoretically, molten nonmetallic glasses assume a crystalline structure rather than an amorphous structure only if they are cooled
[A] very evenly, regardless of the rate.
[B] rapidly, followed by gentle heating.
[C] very slowly.
[D] to room temperature.
[答案与考点解析]
1. 【答案】C
【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。本文的中心主旨句是首段的第二句，该句中的“these materials”指的就是首段第一句中的“amorphous metallic alloys or glassy metals”。可见本题的正确答案应该是C。考生一定要知道：破解中心主旨题的关键在于抓住全文的中心主旨句。
2. 【答案】C
【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位题。根据题干中的“prospects”(前景)可将本题的答案信息迅速确定在尾段，因为尾段首句中的“promising”(有前途的)暗示本段讲某种事物的前景或未来。本题的确切答案信息来源在尾段的最后一句，该句中的“that is likely to be overcome”暗示本题的正确答案是C。考生在解题时一定要具备迅速地审题定位能力，还要具备理解原文深层含义的能力。
3. 【答案】D
【考点解析】这是一道细节推导题。根据题干中的“crystalline structure”可将本题的答案迅速确定在第二段的首句，该句中的“depends on”和题干中的“determines”相互呼应。通过仔细理解第二段的首句可推导出本题的正确选项是D。请考生注意原文中“composition”和选项中“consists of”的转换。考生在解题时一定要具备细节推导能力，不能只停留于文字的表面含义。
4. 【答案】D
【考点解析】这是一道细节推导题。根据题干中的“the structure of liquid metals and the structure of glassy metals”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在第三段的首句。该句中的“similar”一词暗示选项D是正确答案。考生在解题时应重视对立对比关系。
5. 【答案】C
【考点解析】本题是一道总结归纳信息并进行引申推导题型。从本题题干中的“molten nonmetallic glasses”可断定本题的答案信息在本文第二段，因为该句中包含有题干中的核心词语“molten nonmetallic glasses”。我们需要归纳和总结本段的每一句话，尤其是第三、四句的内容，另外本段尾句的含义为推导(infer)出本题的正确选项C起到至关重要的作用。考生在破解此类题型时一定要注意首先归纳和总结原文中相应出题点的全面信息，更要注意逻辑推导的能力。
[参考译文]
材料科学家和固体物理学家的深入研究已促进了一种固体物质的出现，这类固体被称为非晶体金属合金，也就是玻璃金属。理论和应用研究者对这些材料的结构特性的兴趣正与日俱增。
当一种熔化的金属和金属合金冷却成固体时，依赖于特定的合金成份将形成各种晶体结构。相比之下，熔化的非金属、玻璃类材料在冷却后将不会形成晶体结构，而是保留一点类似于液体的非晶体结构，在室温条件下，两类材料的自然的长期倾向都形成了晶体结构。它们之间的不同在于动态性，即形成晶体结构的速度。这种动态性受下述两种因素控制：化学结合的性质和分子之间相互运动的自由程度。由此，对金属而言，动态历程有利于晶体结构的快速形成;而对非金属来说，这种形成速度非常慢，以至于任何自然冷却速度都足以形成一种非晶体结构。要想形成玻璃金属，熔化的金属必须以极快的速度冷却，以抑制晶体的形成。
人们认为玻璃金属的结构与液态金属的结构类似。创建这种液体结构模型的第一次尝试是已故的伦敦大学的J. D.鲍纳尔进行的，他将坚硬的球体尽可能多地填塞进一个橡胶容器中，以便得到一种最大可能的密度。这个密度结果以及随机填塞结构以后便成为试图建立玻璃金属结构模型的基础。
基于鲍纳尔模型，由合成金属的成份组成对合金密度的计算结果与实验测得的结果相当地吻合，当然一些细微的差异仍然存在。实验结果是通过测量由一种重金属和类金属组成的合金得到的，如钯和硅的合金，或铁磷和碳组成的合金。实际的合金和鲍纳尔模型所用的球体之间的差别在于合金的成份有不同的体积大小，因此，基于两种大小的球体的模型更适合于两类物质的合金。合金中非金属的小原子可能填进由大原子随机填塞形成的紧密结构中。
玻璃金属最有前景的一个特征是高强度与高延伸性的结合。在常见的晶体材料中，这两种特性一般是成反比的，但人们渴望它们同时存在。在实际用途中可能还有一个问题急待解决，即当玻璃金属在相对的低温下慢慢加热时，它会逐渐变为晶体结构。
篇三：
The complications frequently accompanying diabetes, such as impairment of vision and of kidney function, are now thought to result from the lack of continuous control of blood glucose concentrations. The healthy pancreas, in response to increases in blood glucose concentration, releases small quantities of insulin throughout the day and thereby maintains the concentration within physiological limits (nomoglycemia). But the diabetic generally receives only one large dose daily. The diabetic’s blood glucose concentration can thus fluctuate greatly during the interval between doses, and it has been suggested that the complication result from the periods of high concentrations of blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Many investigators thus believe that restoration of normoglycemia might halt the progression of such complications and perhaps even reverse them.
There are three primary techniques that have been investigated for restoration of normoglycemia. They are: transplantation of whole, healthy pancreases; transplantation of islets of Langerthan, that portion of the pancreas that actually secretes insulin, and implantation of artificial pancreases. There has, in fact been a great deal of success in the development of these techniques and each seems, on the whole, promising. Nonetheless, it will undoubtedly be many years before any one of them is accepted as a treatment for diabetes.
To many people, the obvious approach would seem to be simply to transplant pancreases from cadavers in the same manner that kidneys and other organs are routinely transplanted. That was the rationale in 1966 when the first recorded pancreas was performed. Between 1960 and 1975, there were forty-six pancreas transplants in forty-five other patients in the United States and five other countries. But only one of these patients is still alive with a functioning graft and surgeons have found that the procedure is not simple as they once thought.
The surviving patient has required no insulin since the operation. Another patient survived 638 days without requiring insulin. And one patient survived a transplantation for more than a year, but died when he chose not to take immunosuppressive drugs. These results, though meager, suggest that the procedure has the potential for success.
The rest of the patients, however, either rejected the transplant or died within a short period. There does not appear to be any technical problem with the procedure. Rather, most of the patients were already so severely debilitated by the complications of diabetes that they could not withstand the surgery and the immunosuppressive regimen required to prevent rejection. More than half of the patients, furthermore, also required a kidney transplant. Most investigators now agree that the simultaneous transplantation of both organs is too great a shock to the patient and greatly increases the total risk.
1. Which of the following best states one of the main conclusions of the text?
[A] Although the techniques for pancreas transplants appear to be theoretically correct, there are problems that must be solved before the operation can be used as a treatment for diabetes.
[B] Although the techniques for pancreas transplants are still being developed, the experimental results show that the operation will be a successful treatment for diabetes in the near future.
[C] Although pancreas transplants are reliable, many diabetics are reluctant to undergo the operation because of the side effects of immunosuppressive drugs.
[D] Although pancreas transplants alone are not generally successful, the operation can be used in conjunction with other procedures to treat diabetes.
2. According to the text, widely spaced doses of insulin can cause
[A] reversal of normal kidney function.
[B] delay in the onset of diabetes.
[C] radical changes in the concentration of blood glucose.
[D] restoration of normoglycemia.
3. According to the text, a periodic high concentration of blood glucose in diabetics is a possible cause of
[A] deterioration of the pancreas.
[B] damage to the eyes and kidneys.
[C] rejection of transplanted organs.
[D] inadequate secretion of insulin.
4. It can be inferred from the text that one of the important contributing causes of the failure of most pancreas transplants has been the
[A] reluctance of patients to cooperate with physicians.
[B] imperfect techniques used in the operation.
[C] scarcity of immunosuppressive drugs.
[D] weakened condition of the patients.
5. The text suggests that the author considers the data concerning the success of pancreas transplants to be
[A] invalid.
[B] indirect.
[C] inaccurate.
[D] insufficient.
[答案与考点解析]
1. 【答案】A
【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位题。本题的题干比较奇怪，没有明确指出本题答案信息在原文中的确切位置。在大多数情况下，考生会迷失解题思路。我们一再重申：考生在迷失解题思路时一定要多想一想全文的中心主旨句，以及各段的主题句。本文的中心主旨句是第二段的尾句，本题的正确选项A恰恰是来自于本句。这再次说明我们在迷失解题思路时应该首先想到全文的中心主旨句或每段的主题句。
2. 【答案】C
【考点解析】这是一道细节推导题。通过本题题干中的“widely spaced doses of insulin”可将本题的答案信息来源确定在首段的第三、四句。因为这两句话提到了“doses of insulin”。通过仔细阅读和理解第三、四句，就可推导出本题的正确选项C。考生在解题时一定要善于理解和把握题干和原文所进行的同义词替换。
3. 【答案】B
【考点解析】这是一道句间关系题。通过题干中的“periodic high concentration”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在第一段的第四句。通过仔细阅读和理解第四句，尤其是把第四句中的“complication”和第一句中的“complications”进行连贯的理解，就可推导出本题的正确选项B。考生在解题时要善于发现和理解句子之间的关系。
4. 【答案】D
【考点解析】这是一道细节推导题。通过题干中的“failure”一词可推断本题的正确答案信息在倒数第二段尾句的前后，因为该句所谈论的中心话题是“success”。又根据题干中的“most”一词将本题的答案信息确定在尾段的第三句，因为该句中含有“most”一词。通过阅读和理解尾段第三句，可推导出本题的正确答案是D。考生在解题时要注意灵活理解题干和原文所表达的内容，千万不能生硬地进行理解。
5. 【答案】D
【考点解析】本文是一道词汇理解题。本题题干中的“success”将本题的答案信息来源确定在倒数第二段的尾句。该句中的“meager”(不足的，贫乏的)暗示本题的正确选项是D。考生在解题时一定要对关键词加以重视并进行合理的推断。
[参考译文]
通常与糖尿病相伴的并发症，如视力和肾功能的损害，现在被认为是由于无法连续控制血液中的葡萄糖浓度所导致的。健康的胰脏，在血糖浓度增加时，会在整个白天不断地释放出少量的胰岛素，从而使血糖浓度维持在生理限度之内(正常血糖量)。但是糖尿病患者一般是每天得到一次大剂量胰岛素的注射。这样在两次注射之间，糖尿病患者的血糖浓度会发生很大波动，而且目前已被指出，并发症可能就是源于这些高血糖浓度时期(高血糖)。因此，许多研究人员相信，恢复正常的血糖浓度或许能阻止这些并发症的发展，并进而可能减轻并发症。
为了恢复正常的血糖浓度，已对三种主要的技术进行了研究。它们分别是：健康胰脏的整个移植;胰岛部分的移植，胰岛是胰腺中实际分泌胰岛素的部分;以及人造腺的移植。事实上，这些技术的发展都获得了成功，而且从整体上讲，每种技术都大有希望。然而，毫无疑问地，在任何一种技术被接受用作糖尿病患者的治疗手段之前，还会有很多年的时间。
对多数人而言，显而易见的方法看来可能是从尸体中移植胰腺，就象移植肾脏和其它器官那样。这便是1966年第一例胰腺移植手术的理论基础。在1966年至1975年间，在美国和另外五个国家，共有45名其它病人进行了46例胰腺移植手术。但目前，只有其中一个病人尚在人世，而且移植的胰腺功能健全。因此，手术医生们发现，手术过程并不像他们先前想象的那么简单。
幸存的病人从那次手术之后不再需要注射胰岛素。另一个病人在不需要注射胰岛素的情况下活了638天。还有一名病人在移植之后存活了一年，但他决定不服用免疫药物之后就死去了。这些结果，尽管为数不多，可也表明了手术过程有潜在成功的可能。
然而，其余的病人或者出现排异反应，或者在很短一段时期后死去。在手术过程中，看起来是不存在任何技术问题的。不过，大多数的病人都由于糖尿病的并发病已经很衰弱，以至于无法经受手术和为防止排异反应所需的免疫抑制疗程。另外，一大半病人还需要进行肾脏移植。目前，多数研究人员都认为同时移植两个器官对病人自身系统影响太大，而且极大地增加了整体的风险。
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